Recent media reflect stone, ceramic, ceramic tile, artificial stone, building materials radioactivity problem in spreading information, more warn broad customer pay attention to health health at the same time, there are also incomplete information, expression is not comprehensive, which cause the general public "talk about ShiSe to change" adverse reaction. Therefore, the association close attention and to pay attention to, in the first time by the association committee established the "correct understanding of technology research group" stone radioactive, collect research related standards, statistical analysis of test data, visit the stone material from stone, environmental protection, health, detection, and other aspects of the experts, and through the analysis of the formation, the paper discusses the problems research report. Now will report to the published, hope to the media, professional staff and consumers can rise to spread knowledge, positive guidance, promote the reasonable application effect. Stone Also welcome all the experts and scholars put forward different views, contact, further research on the stone radioactivity problem.
Natural stone material colour and lustre is gorgeous, both natural and simple design all show elegant, by building designers and family decoration the love of consumers. As people raising the level of consumption, stone material as a kind of high-grade adornment material in construction and application of the illuminative that occupy the home more and more widely. However, because the consumer groups of misunderstanding, makes the stone in the home in the application of suspicious. One of the main is the natural stone radioactivity problem, and has long been the focus of attention.
A, all of earth natural material contain different number of natural radioactive elements
As is known to all, the whole earth, and even the entire universe all the natural material, in fact, are made by 103 kinds of natural elements (not including artificial elements of.) In 103 kinds of natural element, a nation is radioactive element characteristic, is called "the radioactive elements, the so-called" radioactive elements, it is to point to these elements of the nucleus is not stable, in nature's natural state the constantly nuclear decay, in decay injection alpha beta gamma put three rays and the characteristics of the radioactive radon gas sui gases. The alpha rays (particles) is actually helium (He) element of the nucleus, because of its quality, strong ability to ionization and high rotation run, so is caused to human body harm; the main ray irradiation Beta rays are the negative currents; Gamma rays is similar to a medical perspective with X-ray the same wavelength and very short electromagnetic wave, because of its penetration is very strong, so is the damage caused by the human body the main ray irradiation; Produced by the decay of radon gas (an Rn) nature still has the characteristics of the radioactive inert gas, because it still continue to decay, so be inhaled lung, easy to cause the body to illuminate (especially for lung) damage. In natural "radioactive elements", people often hear that the radiation energy the largest is the uranium (U), thorium (Th) and radium (Ra), the second is 40 K (40 K), Rb (Rb) and cesium (Cs). The six natural radioactive elements that make up the earth's nature and the universe is all part of the material (of course very trace), whether in all kinds of rock and soil, or all the rivers and lakes in the water and atmosphere, has a different number of radioactive elements exist. The uranium in the crust of "clark in one over one thousand of the average value" content. That is to say, we human beings and all life on which the ingredients of the earth was always there is natural radioactive substances. But it is not only didn't stop living things the survival and development of human and frost-free period of radioactive elements, but more and more widely to use in many aspects (atomic nuclear power station, space technology, medical technology, isotope technique, etc.) for mankind.
So, a nature of low concentration in nature of the radioactive radiation will not only bring harm to human health and is already part of the natural world balance system, human and all life has been fully used to the balance system of living environment, if destroyed the balance system, may to human instead of the negative impact of the. Understand the concept, will know that nature have found that a radioactive radiation is not terrible, as long as we can correct understanding of it based on the application of science, it can never be cause for people's physical and mental health of damage.
Natural stone material radioactive: like water and food is radioactive but won't cause a harm to human body as simple, we do not deny that natural stone material existence radioactive. If consumers can a scientific point of view correct handling of stone material, appropriate chooses radioactive stone, health and safety is not the problem.
Second, stone material to human body health effects of radioactive level
The human body the cause of the cancer is very complex, and even exceeds the stone, the release of radiation belong to low doses of radiation. To low doses of radiation, professional people have different opinions, both sides lack the necessary epidemiological clinical data. But one thing is for sure, that is, of the radioactive high doses of radiation to the health of human body, will cause the harm of uncertainty, for the effect of building materials product, stone produce low doses of radiation, could happen cancer, cancer probability with doses of rise and increase, generally for ten extremely few. The risk is not better than by car, by train, building construction, mining industries such as high risk. Shanghai no. 6 people's hospital affiliated traffic university professor and director of the nuclear all-around-doctors LiuHanKui fudan university, vice President of the tumor hospital affiliated, director of the thoracic surgery, lung cancer, director of the center ChenHaiQuan all think professor, low doses of radiation generally not a danger to human body. At present the medical profession no system study proves leukemia, lung and common diseases and our daily life is the radiation is directly linked. In fact, modern medicine has not because of the harm of human body stone radioactive produce any exact cases and conclusion.
Three, the measure to the national standard radioactive shall prevail
All matter radioactive, the problem is more than the degrees, and have reached the extent of the harm? To this, the country has to these toxic
Harm set a clear standard material of building materials, the radioactive nuclide also have clear standards. When we talk about stone material, should with radioactive national standards as the basis, or is not scientific.
The national building in 1993 in conjunction with the health ministry formulated the "natural stone radioactivity protection standard of classification control, 2000 countries on the introduction of the stone radioactive standard" building materials radioactive health protection standard, "2001 national guidelines to the building material radionuclide set limit to" (GB6566-2001) standard. According to the radioactive radiation intensity will building materials (including granite) into three level (category) :
A kind of decoration materials: decorate material in natural radioactive nuclide radium-226, 232,, and the rate of-40 k of radioactive than activity at the same time satisfy the IRa more than 1.0 and 1.3 for more than the requirements of the Ir A kind decorates material. A kind of decorate material production and marketing and range of use is not restricted.
B: don't meet such decorate material of A kind of decoration material requirements but at the same time satisfy the IRa acuities were confirmed by Ir and 1.3 more than 1.9 requirements for A class B to decorate material. B kind decorates material not used for I kind of civil building (such as house, an old, day care centers, hospitals and schools) interior surface, but can be used to Ⅱ kind of civil building (such as shopping malls, stadium, bookstores, hotel, office building, library, cultural entertainment, the exhibition hall and public transportation) outside of facing and other all inside and outside of the building facing. That is a class B stone not used for buildings such as residential buildings, factory buildings, public life for), but can be used for structures (such as walls, gate house, pavilion, cabinet, covered corridor, arch, patio, water tower, chimney, power poles, DAMS, roads, DunCang etc.);
C: don't decorate material to meet A, B kind decorates material requirements but to meet the requirements of the more than 2.8 Ir to C to decorate material. C decoration materials can be used for the building only surface decoration and outdoor other USES, must limit its sales, that is the C stone material can only outdoor, as to Ir > 2.8 stone will be used only for roadbed, tunnels, DAMS and levees and deep underground pipeline engineering away from people living place.
That is, when we in these radioactive standard and knowledge to understand somewhat, according to the situation, according to different situation to use stone material. Now a lot of consumer reaction is to me this kind of stone material radioactive match not qualified, can I use this concept is wrong. Natural stone material is a resourceful thing, you can put it according to our standard requirement to reasonable use. Don't say to a class B and class C will not dare to say that. Stone not qualified or not, should say operator not accord with a standard to ask, then press the standard requirement to application.
Four, marble, and 99% exemption for the green family adornment stone material is marble; Only 2.9% for B or C class of granite
Natural stone material existence the misunderstanding of the radioactive harm to long, one of origin is to natural stone material is equivalent to marble. In fact, natural stone material is divided into marble (about 45%), granite (about 50%), sandstone, SLATE, limestone (about 5%). All over the world, including in the standard Chinese national standards for marble radioactive inspection without any claim, that is, consumer is in the process of use marble need not to the inspection of the radioactive marble, national standards and no this requirement. By the end of 2008 the state quality inspection administration and the ministry of commerce and the general administration of customs (including the marble sandstone, SLATE, limestone) from "the catalogue of inspection method, is clear inside delete in practice provisions (including sandstone, marble SLATE, limestone) don't need to radioactive inspection, is actually people to a marble radioactive misunderstanding correction.
Of course, granite in the national standard of radioactive nuclides is to test requirements, building materials of radioactive nuclides inside the standard of set limit to apply to clear point of granite. According to the national stone material quality supervision and inspection center the detection and Shanghai stone industry association accumulation data, only 2.2% of granite to belong to a class B, 0.7% of granite to belong to the C. In fact, marble and limestone, SLATE of radioactive actual measurement value of radioactivity level close to common clay, and granite radioactive an actual average value measurement than red brick, ceramics, ceramic tile the average level of the much lower.
And in real life, marble, because of the natural decoration, 99% of the characteristics of interior decoration (including family decoration) with green marble, exemption 1% sporadic small area with granite, SLATE, limestone, etc.; Granite most is used for curtain wall, square, outdoor decoration, and outdoor decoration engineering is a supervision professionals through the test report and other checks must be. That is, the reality of life because of natural stone material radioactive harm possibility is very, very low.
Five, how to identify marble and granite
In the final analysis, the marble (including limestone, sandstone, SLATE) can be 100% in home decoration, after all, be at ease use of 2.9%
Granite is not assured of use in indoor. That how to identify marble and granite?
Marble and granite essence from geological formation and physical structure of the distinction between, but said more abstract, ordinary citizens not too easy to understand. First, a little speak, you can pop up and see the market, quality of a material is relatively evenly, marble of continuity of decorative pattern, such as waves, texture, feels downy, quality of a material is a loose use iron, delimit have Nick; The decorative pattern of granite is more, in the form of grain pattern, the feeling is more hard, some use iron cross no scratches or scratch very shallow. Second, professional speak, marble, granite is of carbonate is Portland. If you want to have a try, with a little bit a little bit to drop in this stone acid, take the bubble is marble, not the bubble is this is probably the most silicate, the simple method respectively. Third, please professional institutions or professional recognition. Such as consult national construction material quality supervision inspection center, Shanghai stone industry association of experts, etc.
Six, color radioactive is not scientific judgment stone
According to the Shanghai stone industry association of the stone radioactive samples and supervision inspection entrusted sample test results, the color of the stone material statistics show that can be used as the basis for judging stone radioactive. Red stone radioactive have high low, cuckoo red, South Africa, India and red red high, have a plenty of a class B and class C. And A lot of red stone material, such as WanShanGong, LuoYuanGong is A kind of product. Is the stone material of same breed of radioactive also because different. Such as the cuckoo for producing area is different, some red to C products, others for A class. Green stone material also is so, at present we detected "cuckoo green", is radioactive material in the highest stone products, it is not red, but the green. However, most of the green stone radioactive are low. Such as lotus green, malachite green, etc. As for bring flower stone material, have high low, but also hard to distinguish. Black and white, but the relatively low number of samples, it is not enough to measure to eliminate them higher the possibility of the existence of radioactive. In short, stone material radioactive can't see, and from color with measurement authentication, institutions recognized by the unit test data shall prevail.
Seven, stone radioactive detection to professional institutions
Stone radioactive discriminant is a professional strong things, do not have a professional knowledge it is hard to understand, especially in recent years some expression is not clear, make people produce fear of speech, has caused the people to consumption of material of stone of panic. Radioactive detection, is not very strong professional also any unit or individual equipped with a simple instruments can be engaged in the job. Gamma rays for penetration is very strong, a medium energy gamma rays penetrate general concrete walls is a breeze. Therefore, determination of radioactive, stone material requirements should be the object of being measured on a thickness of about 100 mm of lead indoor (lead used to shield room foreign rays) before it is possible to be measured object of radioactive level of science, accurate determination. This requires of stone material sampling, in a certain equipment environment and cycle detection. However, recent some unit or individual with economic interests, driven by the equipped with a simple instruments, says people in the so-called into family stone, floor tile, ceramic closestool, whether exceed bid stage face plate is determined. In this kind of environment how to screen foreign rays? The test result is suspect. Therefore, the need to provide testing service users, still need to please the state authorized testing unit and through the national metrology authentication and institutions recognized by the unit, this also is to safeguard the metrological law, "product quality standard" seriousness needs.
没有评论:
发表评论